Fig. 6

Individual Performance Analysis of Group \(G_1\). Individual performance of the 36 students with the lowest p-Test performance, which compose group \(G_1\). The p-Tests are shown in red, while the v-Tests are presented in blue. In each subplot, the corresponding p-grade and v-grade are indicated with a dashed line. The figure is organized from the student with the lowest p-grade (\(N = 18\)) to the highest (\(N = 73\)). Of the 36 students, 7 were sanctioned for cheating. These students are marked with an asterisk over the corresponding test. For instance, student number 18 was sanctioned for cheating in all p-Tests. Interestingly, no student was sanctioned for cheating in any v-Test. Additionally, two more students sanctioned belonged to \(G_2\), and none of the students sanctioned belonged to \(G_3\). With the exception of 2 out of the 36 students, the rest improved their performance considerably during the v-Tests. Despite this improvement, it is striking to note that, in most cases, performance decreased again during the p-Test between the v-Tests. These results not only supports the observation that students’ performance depends on the type of evaluation, but also reinforces it, as performance did not only change from p-Tests to v-Tests, but also from v-Test 1 to p-Test 3, and again to v-Test 2